Abstract
Understanding how different segments of society perceive and respond to climate change is key for determining effective interventions and policies aimed at building adaptive capacity. In this study, we use a sex perspective to explore the differences in emotional responses and levels of concern about climate change between men and women in Chile. Using data from a national survey on climate change (n=2170), applied in all regions, six hypotheses were tested. We find that women expressed more concern about climate change than men and more fear and sadness than men. Conversely, men expressed more pessimism than women. Also, individuals with children were more concerned about climate change than those without children. These findings highlight the importance of delving into the association between emotions and responses to climate change in Chile and Latin America. Finally, its implications for increasing people’s participation in climate action are discussed.
References
Aguayo, F. & Sadler, M. (2011). Masculinidades y Políticas Públicas: Involucrando Hombres en la Equidad de Género. Universidad de Chile. LOM.
Albar, M., Auz, J., Bautista, J., Bustos, C., Carballo, J., Castillo, V., Gumucio, C., Lavayen, A., Martínez, A., Medici-Colombo, G., Pineda, C. & Tan, J. (2020). Cambio Climático y Los Derechos de Mujeres, Pueblos Indígenas y Comunidades Rurales en Las Américas. Fundación Heinrich Böll Oficina Bogotá.
Alcalá, V., Camacho, M., Giner, D., Giner, J. & Ibáñez, E. (2006). Afectos y género. Psicothema, 18(1), 143-148.
Aldrich, J. H., & Nelson, F. D. (1984). Linear probability, logit, and probit models. SAGE Publications, Inc., https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412984744
Alston, M. (2014). Gender Mainstreaming and Climate Change. Women’s Studies International Forum, 47, 287-94.
Aminzade, R., & McAdam, D. (2002). Emotions and contentious politics. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 7(2), 107-109.
Anderson, C. & Thompson, L. (2004). Affect from the Top Down: How Powerful Individuals’ Positive Affect Shapes Negotiations. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 95(2), 125-139 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.20 04.05.002
Arbuckle, M. & Mercer, M. (2020). Economic outlook and the gender gap in attitudes about climate change. Population and Environment, 41, 422-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-020-00343-9
Ayala, M. R., Gutiérrez, V. & Zapata, E. (2016). Género, Cambio Climático y REDD+: Experiencias En El Tiempo. Gender, Climate Change and REDD+: Experiences in Time. Terra Latinoamericana, 34,139-53.
Bericat, E. (2015). The Sociology of Emotions: Four Decades of Progress. Current Sociology, 64(3), 491-513. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392115588355
Brah, A. & Phoenix, A. (2004). Ain’t I a Woman? Revisiting intersectionality. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 5(3), 75-86.
Bilge, S. (2010). De l'analogie à l'articulation: théoriser la différenciation sociale et l'inégalité complexe. L'Homme & la Société, 176-177, 43-64. https://doi.org/10.3917/lhs.176.0043
Brody, L. & Hall, J. (2000). Gender, emotion, and expression. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.) Handbook of Emotions. Guilford Press.
Brody, L. & Hall, J. (2010). Gender, Emotion, and Socialization. In J. C. Chrisler & D. McCreary (Eds.), Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology. Springer.
Buijs, A.E., Arts, B.J.M., Elands, B.H.M. & Lengkeek, J. (2011). Beyond environmental frames: the social representation and cultural resonance of nature in conflicts over a Dutch woodland. Geoforum, 42, 329-342.
Buijs, A. & Lawrence, A. (2013). Emotional conflicts in rational forestry: Towards a research agenda for understanding emotions in environmental conflicts. Forest Policy and Economics, 33, 104-111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2012.09.002
Calixto, R. (2018). Las representaciones sociales sobre el cambio climático de los estudiantes de pedagogía en México: un acercamiento desde la perspectiva de género. Educación, 28(54), 7-26. https://doi.org/10.18800/educacion.201901.001
Coffey, Y., Bhullar, N., Durkin, J., Islam, S. & Usher, K. (2021). Understanding Eco-anxiety: A Systematic Scoping Review of Current Literature and Identified Knowledge Gaps. The Journal of Climate Change and Health, 3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joclim.2 021.100047
Collins, P.H. (2000). Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment. Routledge.
Cornwell, B. (2003). The Dynamic Properties of Social Support: Decay, Growth, and Staticity, and Their Effects on Adolescent Depression. Social Forces, 81(3), 953-978. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2003.0029
Davis, M., Modi, H. & Rudolph, K. (2020). Sex, Gender, and Emotion. In S. Hupp & J. D. Jewell (Eds.), The Encyclopedia of Child and Adolescent Development. John Wiley & Sons Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119171492.wecad179
Deere, C. D. & Leon, M. (2003). The Gender Asset Gap: Land in Latin America. World Development, 31(6):925–947. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(03)00046-9
DiEnno, C. & Thompson, J. L. (2013). For the Love of the Land: How Emotions Motivate Volunteerism in Ecological Restoration. Emotion, Space, and Society, 6, 63-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2012.02.002
du Bray, M., Wutich, A., Larson, K. L., White, D. D. & Brewis, A. (2018). Anger and Sadness: Gendered Emotional Responses to Climate Threats in Four Island Nations. Cross-Cultural Research, 53(1), 58-86. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397118759252
Eliasoph, N. & Lichterman, P. (2011). Une ethnographie des styles de groupe de deux organisations civiques en Californie. In M. Berger, D. Cefaï, & C. Gayet (Eds.), Du civil au politique: Ethnographies du vivre-ensemble (Vol. 8). Peter Lang PIE. https://doi.org/10.3726/978-3-0352-6164-6
Francis, L. E. (2006). Emotions and Health. In J. Stets & J. Turner (Eds.), Handbook of the Sociology of Emotions. Springer.
Gould, D. (2009). Moving politics: Emotion and ACT UP’s fight against AIDS. University of Chicago Press.
Gould, D. (2002). Life during Wartime: Emotions and the Development of ACT UP. Mobilization, 7(2), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.17813/maiq.7.2.8u264427k88vl764
Hancock, A.M. (2007). Intersectionality as a normative and empirical paradigm. Politics and Gender, 3(2), 248-254.
Hinz, A, Sander, C., Glaesmer, H., Brähler, E., Zenger, M., Hilbert, A. & Kocalevent, R. (2017). Optimism and pessimism in the general population: Psychometric properties of the Life Orientation Test (LOT-R). International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 17(2), 161-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.02.003
Hunter, H. (2011). The Birth of an Eco-Mom: Cancer, Feminism and the Environment. Journal of the Motherhood Initiative, 2(1), 37-51.
Hutson-Comeaux, S. & Kelly, J. (2002). Gender Stereotypes of Emotional Reactions: How We Judge an Emotion as Valid. Sex Roles, 47, 1-10.
INE [Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas] (2015). Encuesta Nacional sobre Uso del Tiempo. Documento de Principales Resultados. INE.
INE [Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas] (2005). Clasificación socioeconómica de hogares de Chile. Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas.
INE [Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas] (2016). Encuesta Nacional de Empleo 2016. Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas. https://webanterior.ine.cl/estadisticas/laborales/ene
Jacobson, G. (2016). The sociology of emotions in a contested environmental illness case: How gender and the sense of community contribute to conflict. Environmental Sociology, 2(3), 238-253. https://doi.org/10.1080/23251042.2016.1221169
Jasper, J. M. (2014). Constructing Indignation: Anger Dynamics in Protest Movements. Emotions Review, 6(3), 208–213. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073914522863
Jasper, J. (2018). The Emotions of protest. University of Chicago Press.
Keltner, D., Gruenfeld, D. H. & Anderson, C. (2003). Power, Approach, and Inhibition. Psychological Review, 110(2), 265-284. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.110.2.265
Korkmaz, M. (2018). Public Awareness and Perceptions of Climate Change: Differences in Concern about Climate Change in the West Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 16(4), 4039-4050.
Kuri-Pineda, E. (2020). Explorando el papel sociológico de las emociones en el movimiento social de Atenco, México. Papers Revista de Sociologia, 105(4), 535-560. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/papers.2651
Lawson, D. F., Stevenson, K. T., Peterson, M. N., Carrier, S., Strnad, R. L. & Seekamp, E. (2019). Children can foster climate change concern among their parents. Nat. Clim. Chang, 9, 458-462. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0463-3
LaFrance, M., Hecht & M., Levy, E. (2003). The contingent smile: A meta-analysis of sex differences in smiling. Psychological Bulletin, 129(2), 305-334. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033–2909.129.2.305
Lebel, L. & Lebel, P. (2016). Emotions, attitudes, and appraisal in the management of climate-related risks by fish farmers in Northern Thailand. Journal of Risk Research, 21(8), 933-951. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2016.1264450
Leviston, Z., Greenhill, M. & Walker, I. (2015). Australian attitudes to climate change and adaptation: 2010-2014. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.2149.0001/1
Lujala, P., Lein, H. & Rod, J. K. (2015). Climate change, natural hazards, and risk perception: the role of proximity and personal experience. Local Environment, 20(4), 489-509.
Marcus, G. (2008). Le citoyen sentimental: Emotions et politique en démocratie. Les Presses de Sciences Po.
Meler, I. (2000a). La Masculinidad. Diversidad y Similitudes Entre Los Grupos Humanos. Varones: Género y Subjetividad Masculina. Paidós.
Meler, I. (2000b). La Sexualidad Masculina. Un Estudio Psicoanalítico de Género. Varones: Género y Subjetividad Masculina. Paidós.
Norgaard, K. & York, R. (2005). Gender Equality and State Environmentalists. Gender and Society, 19(4), 506-22.
Olmos-Martínez, E., Arizpe-Covarrubias, O., Contreras-Loera, M. & Gómez-Cabrera, I. D. (2016). Climate change: A gender perspective. Opcion, 32(13), 1136-1157.
Pew Research Center (2015). Global Concern about Climate Change, Broad Support for Limiting Emissions.
Pfautsch, S. & Gray, T. (2017). Low Factual Understanding and High Anxiety about Climate Warming Impedes University Students to Become Sustainability Stewards: An Australian Case Study. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 18(7), 1157-75.
Poma, A. (2018). El papel de las emociones en la respuesta al cambio climático. Interdisciplina, 6(15), 191-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/ceiich.24485705e.2018.15.63843
Poortinga, W., Whitmarsh, L., Steg, L., Bohm, G. & Fisher, S. (2019). Climate change perceptions and their individual-level determinants: A cross-European analysis. Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions 55, 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.01.007.
Price, C. E. & Bohon, S. A. (2019). Eco-Moms and Climate Change: The Moderating Effects of Fertility in Explaining Gender Differences in Concern. Social Currents, 6(5), 422-439. https://doi.org/10.1177/2329496519852691
Quéré, L. (2012). Le travail des émotions dans l’expérience publique. Marées vertes en Bretagne. In D. Cefaï, & C. Terzi (Eds), L’expérience des problèmes publics. Editions del’Ecole Pratiques de Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales.
Rausch, S., Auerbach, S. & Gramling, S. (2008). Gender and Ethnic Differences in Stress Reduction, Reactivity, and Recovery. Sex Roles, 59, 726-737. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-008-9460-0
Redlawsk, D.P. (2002). Hot cognition or cool consideration? Testing the effects of motivated reasoning on political decision making. Journal of Politics, 64, 1021-1044.
Sapiains, Rodolfo et al. (2017), Encuesta Nacional de Medio Ambiente y Cambio Climático. Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, CONICYT y CR2. http://www.cr2.cl/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/ENMA-Informe-2.pdf
Servicio Electoral de Chile. (2018). Participación de las Mujeres en Política. Algunos pasos históricos. SERVEL.
Shields, S., Garner, D., Leone, B. & Hadley, A. (2006). Gender and Emotion. In J. Stet & J. Turner (Eds.), Handbook of the Sociology of Emotions. Springer.
Silva, J., Zuleta, P., & Castillo, E. (2021). Virilidad y minería. Vaivenes entre la faena del cobre y el burdel. Hybris: Revista de Filosofía, (12), 177-205.
Simon, R. W. & Nath, L. E. (2004). Gender and emotion in the United States: do men and women differ in self-reports of feelings and expressive behavior? The American Journal of Sociology, 109(5), https://doi.org/1137-1177. 10.1086/382111
Tauli-Corpuz, V. (2015). Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples. In Statement to the 14th session of the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous. United Nations.
Techo-Chile (2015). Base Pública Encuesta Nacional de Campamentos. Centro de Investigación Social de Techo-Chile.
Tripp, A. M. (2004). Women’s Movements, Customary Law, and Land Rights in Africa: The Case of Uganda. African Studies Quarterly, 7(4),1-19.
Waygood, E. O., Avineri, E. (2016). Communicating transportation carbon dioxide emissions information: Does gender impact behavioral response? Transportation research part d-transport and environment, 48, 187-202.
Zazueta, E., & Sandoval, S. (2013). Concepciones de género y conflictos de pareja: Un estudio con parejas pobres heterosexuales en dos zonas urbanas de Sonora. Culturales, 1(2), 91-118. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=69429400003
Zuleta, P. (2020). Reproducción de La Dominación Masculina En La Subjetivación Del Trabajo. Un Análisis de Discurso de Gerentes Generales de Empresas. In H. Palermo & M. L. Capogrossi (Eds.), El Chile Anterior a La Explosión Social, in Tratado Latinoamericano de Antropología Del Trabajo (pp. 1381-1414). CLACSO; CEIL; CONICET.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.