Keywords
Long COVID-19
NeuroCOVID-19
Neuropsychological Assessment
SARS-CoV-2
How to Cite
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is conceived as a respiratory syndrome. However, there is evidence of the presence of the virus in the nervous system. This finding is consistent with literature that shows the same involvement in other coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1 and MERS). The article intends to explain the different pathways of SARS-CoV-2 to enter the brain, and identify the neurological, neuropsychiatric, and neuropsychological symptoms resulting from the virus and their relationship to the functional capacity of patients. This information may be helpful for patients who have experienced the virus and who may need to undergo neurological and neuropsychological assessment.
References
Battaglini, D., Brunetti, I., Anania, P., Fiaschi, P., Zona, G., Ball, L., Giacobbe, D. R., Vena, A., Bassetti, M., Patroniti, N., Schenone, A., Pelosi, P., Rocco, P., & Robba, C. (2020). Neurological Manifestations of Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Potential Mechanisms and Implications of Individualized Mechanical Ventilation Settings. Frontiers in Neurology, 11, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.00845
Bougakov, D., Podell, K., & Goldberg, E. (2021). Multiple Neuroinvasive Pathways in COVID-19. Molecular Neurobiology, 58(2), 564–575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-020-02152-5
Carod-Altar, F. J. (2020). Complicaciones neurológicas por coronavirus y COVID-19. Revista De Neurología, 70, 311–322. https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.7009.2020179
Centro Nacional de Información de Ciencias Médicas. (s.f.). Citosina, no se debe confundir con Citocina. Infomed, Portal de la Red de Salud de Cuba. http://www.sld.cu/node?iwp_post=2020%2F05%2F06%2FCitosina%2C+no+se+debe+confundir+con+Citocina%2F1922172&iwp_ids=19_22172&blog=2_saludeseltema.
Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades. (2020, December 22). Síntomas de la enfermedad del coronavirus. Retrieved February 15, 2021, from https://espanol.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html
De Erausquin, G. A., Snyder, H., Carrillo, M., Hosseini, A. A., Brugha, T. S., & Seshadri, S. (2020). The chronic neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19: The need for a prospective study of viral impact on brain functioning. Alzheimer‘s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer‘s Association, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12255
El Otmani, H., & Moutaoukil, F. (2020). Neuro-COVID-19: What are we talking about? Revue Neurologique, 176(7-8), 527–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurol.2020.05.004
Fotuhi, M., Mian, A., Meysami, S., & Raji, C. A. (2020). Neurobiology of COVID-19. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 76(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-200581
Heffner, K. L. (2011). Neuroendocrine Effects of Stress on Immunity in the Elderly: Implications for Inflammatory Disease. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America, 31(1), 95–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iac.2010.09.005
Jaywant, A., Vanderlind, W. M., Alexopoulos, G. S., Fridman, C. B., Perlis, R. H., & Gunning, F. M. (2021). Frequency and profile of objective cognitive deficits in hospitalized patients recovering from COVID-19. Neuropsychopharmacology, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-021-00978-8
Kumar, S., Veldhuis, A., & Malhotra, T. (2021). Neuropsychiatric and Cognitive Sequelae of COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.577529
Lechien, J. R., Chiesa-Estomba, C. M., De Siati, D. R., Horoi, M., Le Bon, S. D., Rodriguez, A., Dequanter, D., Blecic, S., El Afia, F., Distinguin, L., Chekkoury-Idrissi, Y., Hans, S., Delgado, I. L., Calvo-Henriquez, C., Lavigne, P., Falanga, C., Barillari, M. R., Cammaroto, G., Khalife, M., Leich, P., … Saussez, S. (2020). Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 277(8), 2251–2261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-020-05965-1
Liu, Y-Z., Wang, Y-X., & Jiang, C-L. (2017). Inflammation: The Common Pathway of Stress-Related Diseases. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11(316), 1–39. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00316
Mahase, E. (2021). Covid-19: Israel sees new infections plummet following vaccinations. BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n338
Mattioli, F., Stampatori, C., Righetti, F., Sala, E., Tomasi, C., & De Palma, G. (2021). Neurological and cognitive sequelae of Covid-19: a four month follow-up. Journal of Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-021-10579-6
Meppiel, E., Peiffer-Smadja, N., Maury, A., Bekri, I., Delorme, C., Desestret, V., Gorza, L., Hautecloque-Raysz, G., Landre, S., Lannuzel, A., Moulin, S., Perrin, P., Petitgas, P., Sellal, F., Wang, A., Tattevin, P., & de Broucker, T. (2020). Neurologic manifestations associated with COVID-19: a multicentre registry. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.11.005
Negrini, F., Ferrario, I., Mazziotti, D., Berchicci, M., Bonazzi, M., de Sire, A., Negrini, S., & Zapparoli, L. (2021). Neuropsychological Features of Severe Hospitalized Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients at Clinical Stability and Clues for Postacute Rehabilitation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 102(1), 155–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2020.09.376
Oliveira, R., Dourado Sotero, F., & Teodoro, T. (2020). NeuroCOVID-19: critical review of neuropsychiatric manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Irish Journal of Medical Science, 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-020-02367-4
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (s.f.). Preguntas y respuestas sobre la enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19). https://www.who.int/es/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/q-a-coronaviruses.
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (11 de marzo 2020). Alocución de apertura del Director General de la OMS en la rueda de prensa sobre COVID-19 celebrada el 11 de marzo de 2020. https://www.who.int/es/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
Orsucci, D., Caldarazzo Ienco, E., Nocita, G., Napolitano, A., & Vista, M. (2020). Neurological features of COVID-19 and their treatment: a review. Drugs in Context, 9, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.7573/dic.2020-5-1
Oxley, T. J., Mocco, J., Majidi, S., Kellner, C. P., Shoirah, H., Singh, I. P., De Leacy, R. A., Shigematsu, T., Ladner, T. R., Yaeger, K. A., Skliut, M., Weinberger, J., Dangayach, N. S., Bederson, J. B., Tuhrim, S., & Fifi, J. T. (2020). Large-Vessel Stroke as a Presenting Feature of Covid-19 in the Young. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(20), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2009787
Pallanti, S., Grassi, E., Makris, N., Gasic, G. P., & Hollander, E. (2020). NeuroCOVID-19-19: A clinical neuroscience-based approach to reduce SARS-CoV-2 related mental health sequelae. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 130, 215–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.08.008
Rogers, J. P., Chesney, E., Oliver, D., Pollak, T. A., McGuire, P., Fusar-Poli, P., Zandi, M. S., Lewis, G., & David, A. S. (2020). Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7, 611–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30203-0
Shen, X. N., Niu, L.D., Wang, Y. J., Cao, X.-P., Liu, Q., Tan, L., Zhang, C., & Yu, J. T. (2019). Inflammatory markers in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis and systematic review of 170 studies. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 90, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2018-319148
Sweeney, M. D., Sagare, A. P., & Zlokovic, B. V. (2018). Blood-brain barrier breakdown in Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Nature reviews. Neurology, 14(3), 1-41. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2017.188
Talan, J. (2020, March 27). COVID-19: Neurologists in Italy to Colleagues in US: Look for Poorly-Defined Neurologic Conditions in Patients with the Coronavirus: Neurology Today. Neurology Today. https://journals.lww.com/neurotodayonline/blog/breakingnews/pages/post.aspx?PostID=920.
Van Vliet, E. A., E. A., da Costa Araújo, S., Redeker, S., van Schaik, R., Aronica, E., & Gorter, J. A. (2007). Blood-brain barrier leakage may lead to progression of temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 130, 521–534. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awl318
Yang, Y., Peng, F., Wang, R., Guan, K., Jiang, T., Xu, G., Sun, J., & Chang, C. (2020). The deadly coronaviruses: The 2003 SARS pandemic and the 2020 novel coronavirus epidemic in China. Journal of Autoimmunity, 109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102434
Zhou, H., Lu, S., Chen, J., Wei, N., Wang, D., Lyu, H., Shi, C., & Hu, S. (2020). The landscape of cognitive function in recovered COVID-19 patients. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 129, 98–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.06.022
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2021 Psicologías